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2005 |
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Logotherapy-Enhanced REBT: An Integration of
Discovery and Reason. Hutchinson, Geoffrey T.;
Chapman, Benjamin P.; Journal of Contemporary
Psychotherapy, Vol 35(2), Sum 2005. pp. 145-155.
[Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract: Viktor
Frankl's Logotherapy and Albert Ellis's Rational
Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) are at seemingly
opposite ends of the psychotherapeutic spectrum.
However, a close review of the assumptions and
philosophy of each school of therapy reveals
that these two systems are compatible. We
propose that a Logotherapy-enhanced REBT can
increase human achievement and happiness by
balancing the individual discovery of meaning
with the pursuit of reason. This integrated and
enhanced therapy will help human beings
participate in positive life experiences and
take greater responsibility for change. Fruitful
and beneficial aspects of a Logotherapy
enhanced-REBT are explored with respect to
cognitions, emotions, and the reduction of
rumination. Conclusions are drawn, limitations
are discussed, and future recommendations are
outlined. ) |
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An
Empirical Investigation of Albert Ellis's Binary
Model of Distress. David, Daniel; Montgomery,
Guy H.; Macavei, Bianca; Journal of Clinical
Psychology, Vol 61(4), Apr 2005. pp. 499-516.
[Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract: In the current
literature, distress is typically described
according to a unitary model: High levels of
distress are conceptualized as a high level of
negative affect while low levels of distress are
typically conceptualized as a low level of
negative affect. On the other hand, Albert Ellis
(1994) and some of his rational-emotive and
cognitive-behavioral professional colleagues
have more recently described distress as a
binary construct composed of two different
components: functional negative feelings (e.g.,
sad) and dysfunctional negative feelings (e.g.,
worthless). In two studies using 55 U.S.
breast-cancer patients and 45 Romanian
breast-cancer patients, respectively, we
compared hypotheses derived from unitary and
binary models of distress. The results revealed
that in a stressful situation (i.e., upcoming
breast surgery) high levels of irrational
beliefs were associated with a high level of
both functional and dysfunctional negative
feelings while low levels of irrational beliefs
were associated with a low level of
dysfunctional negative feelings and a high level
of functional negative feelings. Thus, that
support for the binary model of distress found
in both U.S. and Romanian samples suggests both
the robustness and the generalizability of the
results. Theoretical and practical implications
are discussed. ) |
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Status anxiety. Pridmore, Saxby; Ahmadi,
Jamshid; Australian & New Zealand Journal of
Psychiatry, Vol 39(3), Mar 2005. pp. 205-206.
[Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract: Reviews the
book "Status anxiety," by Alain de Botton
(2004). The author sets out to describe the
origin of one form of human distress and makes
some suggestions about how things may be better
managed. Much of the thesis has been previously
described by cognitive therapists such as Albert
Ellis, who used philosophy as the basis of their
contributions, albeit with less flair.
Psychiatrists will also hear echos of Freud and
Erikson. De Botton explains that status refers
to one's position in society, and that high
status means being cared for and thought
valuable. Status anxiety is defined as a worry
that we may not have achieved or be may be about
to lose high status. The contribution of art to
the understanding of status is examined. The
Christian perspective of status is explored. The
secular counterpart is identified as the
Bohemian rejection of bourgeois respectability.
Status anxiety should not be considered a new
'condition'. It is not clear whether this was
the intention of the author. The book does not
provide a new therapy, but it does provide a
host of information and examples which can be
grafted onto tired CBT or other psychotherapy. ) |
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Demanding Brain: Between Should and
Shouldn't. Tiba, Alexandru; Journal of Cognitive
& Behavioral Psychotherapies, Vol 5(1), Mar
2005. pp. 43-51. [Peer Reviewed Journal]
Abstract: Albert Ellis' cognitive theory of
emotions makes a major distinction between
positive and negative demandingness and
preferences, but up to now there is no scale
that makes this distinction evident. The main
goal of this study is to validate this
distinction by showing that positive and
negative evaluative beliefs are separately
associated with two distinct motivational brain
systems: the approach/withdrawal systems.
Participants (N=46) were tested with a modified
version of the ABS II scale, allowing the
distinction between positive and negative
evaluative beliefs; subsequently they completed
the BIS/BAS scales (Carver & White, 1994).
Results show that positive demandingness and
irrationality, but not preferences, strongly
correlate with approach system sensitivity (BAS
scores), while negative demandingness and
irrationality, but not preferences, strongly
correlate with withdrawal system sensitivity
(BIS scores). This study suggests that
individuals tend to develop positive and
negative demandingness depending on the
approach/withdrawal motivational systems
sensitivity. Implications for emotional
reactions and therapy are also discussed. ) |
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Positive Emotions and Irrational Beliefs:
Dysfunctional Positive Emotions in Healthy
Individuals. Tiba, Alexandru; Szentagotai,
Aurora; Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral
Psychotherapies, Vol 5(1), Mar 2005. pp. 53-72.
[Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract: Since negative
affect has been in the focus of attention for
the entire history of psychotherapy, time has
now come to turn towards cognitive factors
involved in mild disturbances of positive
affect. This article focuses on dysfunctional
positive emotions and how they relate to
evaluative cognitions and arousal. One of the
basic assumptions of the rational emotive
behaviour therapy (REBT) theory of emotions is
that irrational beliefs lead to both positive
and negative dysfunctional emotions. To date
there is no empirical data investigating
dysfunctional positive emotions and their
relations to different types of irrational
beliefs in healthy individuals. 35 subjects
participated in this study. They were asked to
recall a positive event in two conditions: a)
pre-goal attainment condition, prompted by the
instruction of recalling an event when a cue
primed the anticipation of goal attainment and
b) post-goal attainment condition prompted by
the instruction of recalling an event and their
reactions after they have met an important goal.
After each experimental condition, participants
completed questionnaires assessing, pre-goal and
post-goal attainment positive emotions, arousal,
dysfunctional positive inferences, context
inappropriateness of the emotional experience,
evaluative cognitions, and the ABS II
scale-Romanian version. Results indicate that
subjects high on demandingness have higher
levels of pre-goal attainment emotions than low
demanding subjects when they meet their goals,
and possibly a higher level of post-goal
positive emotions, when they anticipate
attaining a personal goal. Also it seems that
state and trait demandingness have different
relations with positive emotions. We suggest
that dysfunctional positive emotions can be
differentiated by the context in which they are
experienced, and that there are two types of
dysfunctional positive emotions: a) post-goal
attainment dysfunctional positive emotions
referring to high levels of pre-goal attainment
positive emotions after achieving personal
goals, and b) pre-goal attainment dysfunctional
positive emotions referring to high levels of
post-goal attainment positive emotions when
anticipating and moving towards goal attainment.
Correlation analysis has revealed relations
between evaluative cognitions, dysfunctional
inferences, arousal, and dysfunctional positive
emotions. Implications for positive emotions
research and psychotherapy are discussed. ) |
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The Role of Irrational Beliefs in the Rational
Emotive Behavior Theory of Depression. Macavei,
Bianca; Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral
Psychotherapies, Vol 5(1), Mar 2005. pp. 73-81.
[Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract: In the REBT
theory of psychopathology major depression is
associated with the endorsement of irrational
beliefs. The present pilot study aims to extend
the investigation of the major assumptions of
the theory, by using a measure of IB (ABS2) that
has good discriminant validity, allows the
discrete evaluation of irrationality,
rationality, demandingness, self-downing,
frustration tolerance and awfulizing, and has
been validated for the Romanian population.
Subjects with major depression, subclinical
dysphoria and controls were compared with
regards to IBs. Results confirm that clinical
depression is indeed accompanied by
irrationality. Also, some IBs have been found to
be associated with subclinical depressive
symptoms. ) |
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Roadblocks in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy:
Transforming Challenges Into Opportunities for
Change. Castro-Blanco, David R.; Psychotherapy:
Theory, Research, Practice, Training, Vol 42(1),
Spr 2005. pp. 121-122. [Peer Reviewed Journal]
Abstract: This article provides a review of
"Roadblocks in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy:
Transforming Challenges Into Opportunities for
Change" (see record 2004-00137-000). In the
nearly 50 years since cognitive-behavioral
treatment (CBT) models were pioneered by Albert
Ellis and Aaron Beck, CBT approaches have
enjoyed a wide range of applications and
considerable empirical and clinical success. A
frequent criticism of the CBT model has been
that its approaches favor technique and
behavioral change over the "substance" of
psychotherapy (e.g., therapeutic alliance,
resistance, engagement). Designed primarily for
clinicians, "Roadblocks in Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy" is well-written and easy to read. In
keeping with the tradition of CBT, the authors
rely on empirical research to support their
tenets, while keeping the emphasis of each
chapter on clinical utility. ) |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Models. Howatt, William A.;
In:
Addiction counseling review: Preparing for
comprehensive, certification and licensing
examinations. Coombs, Robert Holman; Mahwah, NJ,
US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,
2005. pp. 337-356. [Chapter] Abstract:
Cognitive-behavioral theory emphasizes teaching
the client how to take charge of his thinking
and behavior. This chapter provides an overview
of three major cognitive-behavioral theories
that have influenced current counseling
theories: William Glasser's choice theory and
reality therapy, Albert Ellis' rational emotive
behavior therapy (REBT) and Aaron Beck's
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). In addition,
under the umbrella of behavioral therapy, this
chapter will discuss Ivan Pavlov's classical
conditioning, B. F. Skinner's operant
conditioning, Albert Bandura's social cognitive
learning strategy, and ten popular behavioral
techniques. ) |
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Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy: Theoretical
Developments. Blackburn, John; Behavioural &
Cognitive Psychotherapy, Vol 33(1), Jan 2005.
pp. 122-123. [Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract:
Reviews the book "Rational Emotive Behavior
Therapy: Theoretical Developments," edited by
Windy Dryden (2003). This volume provides an
in-depth examination of current Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy (REBT) theory and practice. The
author presents the famous "ABCs" of REBT with
the simple concept that evaluative beliefs
mediate events to produce feelings, behaviors
and thoughts. He shows simply and clearly that
this construct is vastly more complex than
appears at first glance. He also illustrates
that the "things" referred to by the stoic
philosopher are more than simply external
events. Often criticized for over simplifying
human psychological disturbance, the ABC
construct is taken apart and reassembled to take
account of primary assertion that the
cognitions, behavior and emotions are
essentially indivisible from the context in
which they occur. All in all, this volume is for
all Rational Emotive Behavior Therapists and
Cognitive Behavior Therapists who desire to look
more closely at their theories and practice, so
as to develop new strategies in practice and
research. ) |
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Miesto iracionálnych presvedcení v prezívaní
strachu. = The place of irrational beliefs in
the experiencing of fear. Kordacová, Jana;
Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, Vol 49(1), 2005. pp.
65-73. [Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract:
Dysfunctionality of irrational beliefs is
considered to be their fundamental
characteristic. In terms of the rational-emotive
theory they stand in the background of the
negative emotional experiencing and are the
cause of the majority of disturbed emotions.
Among these is also an undue measure of anxiety,
fear and diverse irrational apprehensions. The
present study analyzes the causes of
apprehensive attitudes and reactions,
particularly their conditionedness by an
individual's improper attitudes toward and his
evaluation of fear-inducing situations. Proposed
as an alternative are the rational contents of
thinking in the form of statements that may help
him to get rid of irrational fear or keep it
within health and acceptable bounds. ) |
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Dryden, Windy;
In:
Comparative treatments for borderline
personality disorder. Freeman, Arthur; Stone,
Mark H.; Martin, Donna; New York, NY, US:
Springer Publishing Co, 2005. pp. 105-132.
[Chapter] Abstract: Rational emotive behavior
therapy (REBT) was founded in 1955 by Albert
Ellis. While it shares a number of theoretical
and practical elements with other cognitive
behavior therapies, it also has its unique
features, some of which are particularly
relevant in working with patients with
borderline personality disorder (BPD). REBT
holds that patients with BPD have a number of
cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal
deficits and distortions to which they are
biologically predisposed and which are
exacerbated by their early and later
environment. Therapeutic work with patients with
BPD is challenging. The first challenge concerns
the therapist's skill. The psychopathology of
patients with BPD, including interpersonal
oversensitivity and low frustration tolerance,
often calls for a very skillful response on the
part of the therapist, particularly in
developing and maintaining an effective
therapeutic alliance and in delivering REBT
concepts and techniques. REBT theory argues that
there are two forms of psychological
disturbance: ego disturbance and non-ego
disturbance. In regard to ego disturbance, an
important goal would be encouraging the subject
to accept herself unconditionally for her
problems so that she can address those problems
effectively. In the domain of non-ego
disturbance, the goal would be to help her
accept others as fallible human beings who
sometimes make egregious errors and to tolerate
better the frustration of having her wishes
thwarted by others. Another goal would be to
help her manage her disturbed feelings better
and develop a range of self-protective behaviors
when she feels disturbed. ) |
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Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About
Psychopathology--Or Is It? Schmidt, James P.;
PsycCRITIQUES, Vol 50 (11), 2005. pp. [np].
[Review] Abstract: In the book "Masters of the
Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness from
Ancient Times to the New Millennium", Theodore
Millon sets out to provide a panoramic overview
of the theories that have been advanced to
explain and treat mental illness from ancient
times to the present. In his prologue to the
book, Millon tells the reader that he will
"provide a substantial understanding of each of
the several diverse stories that shed light on
both the nature and expression of the mind".
Rather than espousing a single theory, his aim
is to provide a neutral but sympathetic review
of multiple theories, presenting each theory
within the context of the wider cultural and
historical era in which it arose, and then
bringing it forward, through its various
manifestations, to the present day. Millon
emphasizes that he views these various theories
as alternative rather than competing views of
reality. He comments, "A major goal of this book
is to rescue the history of the mental sciences
from its warring sectarians". Sadly, I was left
disappointed. First, I felt that the book fell
short of fulfilling the author's promises. The
goals set by the author for this book were, in
my view, impossible to reach. Second, I felt
that there were more fundamental problems with
the book; a significant concern I have is with
the decision-making processes underlying the
selection of theorists and the relative
attention given to their writing. Many readers
are likely to question why relatively minor
characters in the story, such as Kretschmer or
Rado, are given as much attention as more key
figures, such as Albert Ellis or H. S. Sullivan.
Other readers will question why some individuals
are excluded altogether. It would be wrong,
however, to leave the reader with the impression
that this book is without merit. The drawings
throughout the book lend a certain charm, and
the quotes of the theorists, although limited,
are well chosen and generally interesting.
Likewise, the book contains numerous pearls.
Given its reasonable price, I think many readers
with an interest in the history of theories in
psychopathology will find it worth the cost,
despite its flaws. ) |
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The Incredible Albert Ellis. Corsini, Raymond;
PsycCRITIQUES, Vol 50 (1), 2005. pp. [np].
[Review] Abstract: Review of the book, "Rational
Emotive Behavior Therapy-It Works for Me-It Can
Work for You" (2004) by Albert Ellis. This is a
biography about the life of Albert Ellis, the
father of rational emotive behavior therapy. The
reviewer urged Ellis to include the word
behavior in the name of his system, arguing that
the rational emotive therapy was insufficient
until one put one's thoughts into action-and at
first he said that his associates would not
accept it, but I told him that he must make this
addition, and finally he agreed. This book
traces this change and others in the history of
this remarkable man and his equally remarkable
approach to therapy. ) |
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Rehabilitation Counseling Theories. Parker,
Randall M.; Hansmann, Sandra; Thomas, Kenneth R.;
In:
Rehabilitation counseling: Basics and beyond
(4th ed.). Parker, Randall M.; Szymanski, Edna
Mora; Patterson, Jeanne Boland; Austin, TX, US:
PRO-ED, Inc, 2005. pp. 117-153. [Chapter]
Abstract: The term theory may be defined as a
"set of interrelated constructs (concepts),
definitions, and propositions that present a
systematic view of phenomena by specifying
relations among variables, with the purpose of
explaining and predicting the phenomena"
(Kerlinger & Lee, 2000, p. 11). Counseling
theory, then, provides a superstructure for
counselors in developing a growth-producing
relationship with their clients (Corey, 2001;
Spruill & Benshoff, 2000). In the search for a
personal vantage point in counseling with the
rehabilitation consumer, the student and the
practitioner can consider several dozen major
approaches. The approaches presented in this
chapter were chosen for their current and
historical relevance to rehabilitation practice,
as well as their prominence in the general field
of rehabilitation counseling. Our review of
theories of counseling and psychotherapy covers
the following approaches: Psychoanalysis;
Adlerian Therapy; Person-Centered Therapy;
Gestalt Therapy; Trait-Factor Counseling;
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy; Reality
Therapy; Behavioral Approaches; Cognitive
Therapy; Eclectic and Integrative Approaches;
Inclusive Therapy; and Environmental, Group, and
Solution-Focused Brief Therapies. ) |
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In
conversation with Dr Albert Ellis. Halasz,
George; Australasian Psychiatry, Vol 12(4), Dec
2004. pp. 325-333. [Peer Reviewed Journal]
Abstract: In this article, the author interviews
Albert Ellis, founder of rational emotive
behaviour therapy (REBT). This far ranging
conversation explores the impact of his
childhood illness, sibling relationships and
parental divorce, teenage struggles with dating,
the effect of Bertrand Russell, Hitler, Stalin
and aftermath of the Second World War on his
pacifist philosophy, Hornian psychoanalysis,
religion, God, mysticism, his love of humour and
singing as a 'shame-attacking' exercise and, of
course, inventing REBT. ( Record (c) 2004 APA,
all rights reserved) |
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Twee studies naar psychometrische eigenschappen
en normgegevens van de Belief Scale. = Two
studies on the psychometric properties of the
Belief Scale. Boelen, Paul A.; Baars, Louisette
P. Y.; Gedragstherapie, Vol 37(4), Dec 2004. pp.
175-292. [Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract: Two
studies examined the psychometric properties of
the Belief Scale-a 20 item self-report measure
of irrational cognitions as conceptualized
within Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).
In the first study data were available from 293
inpatients from a Dutch Mental Health Clinic
('herstellingsoord'). Confirmatory factor
analysis showed that an 8-factor second order
solution explained the data best. The factors
represented 8 sorts of irrational beliefs that
are at the core of REBT, whereas the second
order common factor could be interpreted as
general irrationality. The internal consistency
and convergent and discriminative validity were
found to be adequate. In favor of the construct
validity, scores on the Belief Scale were found
to decrease more in patients who underwent
training in HEBT than in those who did not. In
the second study, data were used of 80 bereaved
individuals. This study showed, among other
things, that the internal consistency, temporal
stability, and convergent validity of the Belief
Scale are adequate. In conclusion, the Belief
Scale is a useful tool for assessing irrational
cognitions in research and clinical practice. ) |
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Rational Emotive Therapy With Children and
Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Gonzalez, Jorge
E.; Nelson, J. Ron; Gutkin, Terry B.; Journal of
Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, Vol 12(4), Win
2004. pp. 222-235. [Peer Reviewed Journal]
Abstract: This article systematically reviews
the available research on rational emotive
behavioral therapy (REBT) with children and
adolescents. Meta-analytic procedures were
applied to 19 studies that met inclusion
criteria. The overall mean weighted effect of
REBT was positive and significant. Weighted
z-sub(r) effect sizes were also computed for
five outcome categories: anxiety, disruptive
behaviors, irrationality, self-concept, and
grade point average. In terms of magnitude, the
largest positive mean effect of REBT was on
disruptive behaviors. Analyses also revealed the
following noteworthy findings: (a) there was no
statistical difference between studies
identified low or high in internal validity; (b)
REBT appeared equally effective for children and
adolescents presenting with and without
identified problems; (c) non-mental health
professionals produced REBT effects of greater
magnitude than their mental health counterparts;
(d) the longer the duration of REBT sessions,
the greater the impact, and (e) children
benefited more from REBT than adolescents. The
findings are discussed in terms of several
important limitations along with suggestions for
future research. ) |
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Overcoming Resistance: A Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy Integrated Approach. Witt,
Philip H.; Journal of Psychiatry & Law, Vol
32(4), Win 2004. pp. 543-546. [Peer Reviewed
Journal] Abstract: Reviews the book "Overcoming
Resistance: A Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Integrated Approach, 2nd edition" by Albert
Ellis (see record 2003-04406-000). In this book,
aside from discussing the treatment of
resistance, the presumptive topic, Ellis reviews
the history of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
(REBT), the relationship of REBT to other
therapeutic approaches, and the wide range of
techniques compatible with REBT. The reader
obtains an overview of how Ellis's theorizing
has evolved in the almost five decades that he
has been promoting REBT. The author proposes
that low frustration tolerance is at the root of
much resistance-in fact, at the root of much
emotional disturbance in general. The author
also describes numerous techniques, some of
which he freely borrows from other treatment
approaches, for dealing with what he terms
"lighter Irrational Beliefs (IB's)," such as
inferences and automatic thoughts that lie just
below conscious awareness, and deeper, core
IB's, such as convictions of worthlessness and
"awfulizing" of events that do not go as the
client would like. Some techniques are clearly
cognitive, perhaps the approach most associated
with REBT and cognitive therapy in the public's
mind. ) |
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The cognitive and treatment aspects of
perfectionism: Introduction to the special
issues. Flett, Gordon L.; Hewitt, Paul L.;
Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior
Therapy, Vol 22(4), Win 2004. pp. 233-240. [Peer
Reviewed Journal] Abstract: The papers in this
special issue touch on past themes identified in
the contemporary literature, but the authors of
these papers also raise some new issues. The
basic premise that underscores these papers is
that the irrational desire to be perfect
involves a complex interplay of cognitive,
emotional, interpersonal, and behavioral
factors, and people debilitated by extreme
perfectionism need an equally complex treatment
approach. One of the papers involves a
fine-grained analysis of the content of the
personal standards subscale of the
Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Another
paper is a conceptual analysis that further
underscores the link between the perfectionism
construct and contingent self-worth. The third
paper follows from recent attempts to link
perfectionism with individual differences in
attributional style. The fourth paper summarizes
the results of a unique experiment that examines
perfectionists' responses to failure versus
success. The final paper is a unique
investigation of perfectionism in cocaine
abusing clients with co-morbid personality
disorders. ) |
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Shedding light on the relationship between
personal standards and psychopathology: The case
for contingent self-worth. Di Bartolo, Patricia
Marten; Frost, Randy O.; Chang, Peicha; Journal
of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior
Therapy, Vol 22(4), Win 2004. pp. 241-254. [Peer
Reviewed Journal] Abstract: Previous research
has revealed some puzzling inconsistencies in
the relationship of Personal Standards (PS) to
measures of psychopathology. This study was
designed to explore the hypothesis that setting
high Personal Standards will relate to
psychopathology only when meeting these
standards is a necessary condition for a sense
of self-worth. We generated items that reflected
a sense of conditional self-worth based on the
meeting of Personal Standards and named this
measure the Contingent Self-Worth Scale: (CSWS).
Factor analysis of the CSWS and the PS subscale
of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale
yielded three types of Personal Standards: "Pure
Personal Standards," "Success-Based Self-Worth,"
and "Activity-Based Self-Worth." Two of the
original PS items did not load on the Pure
Personal Standards scale. Correlational analyses
revealed that Pure Personal Standards was
related to measures of adaptive outcome whereas
both measures of Contingent Self-Worth were
related to more maladaptive functioning,
although with some small differences. We call
for further research to explore the relationship
of PS to the construct of perfectionism. ) |
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Perfectionism and acceptance. Lundh,
Lars-Gunnar; Journal of Rational-Emotive &
Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Vol 22(4), Win 2004.
pp. 255-269. [Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract:
The present paper argues that there is both a
positive and a negative form of perfectionism,
and that they can be differentiated in terms of
acceptance. The basic argument is that there is
nothing unhealthy or dysfunctional about the
striving for perfection as such--perfectionism,
however, becomes dysfunctional when this
striving for perfection turns into a demand for
perfection, denned as an inability to accept
being less than perfect. Positive perfectionism,
in other words, is viewed as a dialectic
combination of (a) a striving for perfection,
and (b) the acceptance of non-perfection. Some
therapeutic implications are discussed, and some
directions for further research are pointed out.
) |
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Dimensions of perfectionism and levels of
attributions for grades: Relations with
dysphoria and academic performance. Blankstein,
Kirk R.; Winkworth, Gary R.; Journal of
Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy,
Vol 22(4), Win 2004. pp. 271-299. [Peer Reviewed
Journal] Abstract: The current study examined
associations between dimensions of
perfectionism, levels of attributions for a
self-identified problem with marks, and
dysphoria and course final grade in university
students (253 women; 125 men). Our study
revealed several significant findings: (1)
perfectionism and levels of attribution are
distinct yet related constructs; (2) socially
prescribed perfectionism and specific levels of
attribution both accounted for unique variance
in dysphoria; (3) there were significant gender
differences with respect to the relations among
perfectionism dimensions, levels of attribution,
and dysphoria; (4) self-oriented perfectionism
and specific levels of attribution both
accounted for unique variance in final grade,
but in men only; (5) interactions between
perfectionism dimensions and levels of
attribution did not augment the prediction of
dysphoria or academic performance; (6)
self-oriented perfectionism is possibly adaptive
under some circumstances. Implications for
treating perfectionists and for further research
are discussed. ) |
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Perfectionism, cognition, and affect in response
to performance failure vs success. Besser, Avi;
Flett, Gordon L.; Hewitt, Paul L.; Journal of
Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy,
Vol 22(4), Win 2004. pp. 301-328. [Peer Reviewed
Journal] Abstract: The current paper describes
the results of an experiment in which 200
students who varied in levels of trait
perfectionism performed a laboratory task of
varying levels of difficulty. Participants
received either negative or positive performance
feedback, independent of their actual level of
performance. Analyses of pre-task and post-task
measures of negative and positive affect showed
that individuals with high self-oriented
perfectionism experienced a general increase in
negative affect after performing the task, and
self-oriented perfectionists who received
negative performance feedback were especially
likely to report decreases in positive affect.
Additional analyses showed that self-oriented
perfectionists who received negative feedback
responded with a cognitive orientation
characterized by performance dissatisfaction,
cognitive rumination, and irrational task
importance. In contrast, there were relatively
few significant differences involving
other-oriented and socially prescribed
perfectionism. Collectively, our findings
support the view that self-oriented
perfectionism is a vulnerability factor
involving negative cognitive and affective
reactions following failure experiences that
reflect poorly on the self. ) |
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Narcissism, perfectionism and self-termination
from treatment in outpatient cocaine
users. McCown, William G.; Carlson, Glen;
Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior
Therapy, Vol 22(4), Win 2004. pp. 329-340. [Peer
Reviewed Journal] Abstract: This study examines
perfectionism in individuals with a Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual-IV, Text Revised
[American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th ed.). Text revision (DSM-TV-TR).
Washington, DC: American Psychiatric
Association] diagnosis of Narcissistic
Personality Disorder and a coexisting diagnosis
of cocaine abuse or dependence. Participating
clients were treated in outpatient settings that
provided cognitive-behavioral therapy. Clients
were administered Hewitt and Flett's (1991b)
[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
60, 456-470] Multidimensional Perfectionism
Scale prior to treatment. Scores for dimensions
of perfectionism were compared with those
obtained from cocaine abusers in treatment with
diagnoses of Antisocial Personality or Affective
Disorder. Clients with Narcissistic Personality
Disorder were characterized by relatively higher
levels of other-oriented and socially prescribed
perfectionism. Survival analysis suggests that
self-termination from treatment by
cocaine-abusing clients with a diagnosis of
Narcissistic Disorder is related to high levels
of other-oriented perfectionism. The clinical
implications and limits of this study are
discussed. ) |
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The Irrational Beliefs Inventory: Cross-cultural
Comparisons Between South African and Previously
Published Dutch and American Samples. Du
Plessis, Marilize; Möller, André T.; Steel,
Henry R.; Psychological Reports, Vol
95(3,Part1), Dec 2004. pp. 841-849. [Peer
Reviewed Journal] Abstract: The Irrational
Beliefs Inventory gives a measure of irrational
beliefs, as postulated by Ellis's Rational
Emotive Behavior therapy. Given the increasing
cross-cultural use of psychometric scales, it is
important to assess whether the psychometric
properties of the inventory are consistent
across cultures. In the present study
cross-cultural applicability, in terms of
internal consistency and independence of
subscales, was investigated for an ad hoc sample
of White (n = 100, M age = 21.3 yr., 5D = 4.0)
and Black (n = 82, M age=19.8 yr., SD = 2.2)
undergraduate South African university students.
Cronbach coefficients alpha for the subscales
and Pearson correlations between subscales for
American and Dutch students, as reported by
Bridges and Sanderman, were compared with those
indices for the South African students. The
magnitude and rank order of Cronbach a, as well
as the correlations between subscales for the
three groups showed strong similarities. Values
of alpha for the Black South African students
were lower in magnitude on all subscales than
those for American, Dutch, and White South
African samples, but intercorrelations between
subscale scores were consistent. Findings in the
present study are supportive of the
cross-cultural applicability of the Irrational
Beliefs Inventory to White South African
students but not to South African Black
students. ) |
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Idiosyncratic Rational Emotive Behaviour
Therapy. Paton, Irene; British Journal of
Guidance & Counselling, Vol 32(4), Nov 2004. pp.
579-580. [Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract:
Reviews the book "Idiosyncratic Rational Emotive
Behaviour Therapy," edited by W. Dryden (2002.
For this publication each contributor was asked
to outline 12 points of practice that taken
together demonstrates their idiosyncratic
practice of rational emotive behaviour therapy
(REBT). The reviewer's first impression of this
book was of feeling energised and inspired by
the richness and variety of ideas, most of which
he could see being useful in his work. This book
gives credibility and validity to practitioners'
idiosyncracies and differences in applying the
REBT model. As well as the emphasis on the
uniqueness of the counsellor, there is also an
acknowledgement of the importance of the
client's needs. The index is particularly useful
in this publication as it provided a means of
finding and comparing the information from the
various contributors. ) |
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Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Behavioral
Change Model for Executive Coaching? Sherin,
Jessica; Caiger, Leigh; Consulting Psychology
Journal: Practice & Research, Vol 56(4), Fal
2004. Special issue: Trudging Toward Dodoville
Part 1: Conceptual Approaches in Executive
Coaching. pp. 225-233. [Peer Reviewed Journal]
Abstract: The authors suggest the use of A.
Ellis's (1971, 1994) rational-emotive behavior
therapy (REBT) as a tool to help clients effect
behavioral change in the context of a coaching
relationship. The article begins with a brief
overview of REBT followed by an argument for its
usefulness in an executive coaching context. The
authors outline the therapeutic components of
REBT that may facilitate executive coaching and
discuss the circumstances under which REBT may
not be appropriate. ( Record (c) 2004 APA, all
rights reserved) |
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Post-September 11th Perspectives on Religion,
Spirituality, and Philosophy in the Personal and
Professional Lives of Selected REBT
Cognoscenti. Weinrach, Stephen G.; Dryden,
Windy; DiMattia, Dominic J.; Journal of
Counseling & Development, Vol 82(4), Fal 2004.
pp. 426-438. [Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract:
The purpose of this article was for selected
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
cognoscenti to examine the impact of the events
of September 11th, 2001, on their beliefs about
religion, spirituality, and their personal
philosophy--including the role of evil in the
universe and the implications of these issues on
their use of REBT. The degree of consistency of
the authors' views with classical REBT theory
and philosophy was examined. The authors are
current or former members of the Albert Ellis
Institute's International Training Standards and
Policy Review Committee, of which Albert Ellis,
REBT's founder, is also a member. ) |
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The theories underpinning rational emotive
behaviour therapy: Where's the supportive
evidence? MacInnes, Douglas; International
Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol 41(6), Aug 2004.
pp. 685-695. [Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract:
This paper examines the underlying theoretical
philosophy of one of the most widely used
cognitive behaviour therapies, rational emotive
behaviour therapy. It examines whether two
central theoretical principles are supported by
research evidence: firstly, that irrational
beliefs lead to dysfunctional emotions and
inferences and that rational beliefs lead to
functional emotions and inferences and,
secondly, that demand beliefs are the primary
core irrational belief. The established criteria
for evaluating the efficacy of the theories are
detailed and used to evaluate the strength of
evidence supporting these two assumptions. The
findings indicate there is limited evidence to
support these theories. ) |
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Group Psychotherapist's Handbook. Contemporary
Theory and Technique. Sobanski, Jerzy A.;
Archives of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Vol
6(2), Jun 2004. pp. 87. [Peer Reviewed Journal]
Abstract: This article reviews the book The
group psychotherapist's handbook: Contemporary
theory and technique edited by Irwin L. Kutash
and Alexander Wolf (see record 1990-98774-000).
The structure of chapters in the first part of
the book reflects fundamental differentiation of
psychoanalytic-related treatments -
psychoanalysis in groups, psychoanalytic group
therapy, group analysis, self psychology groups
etc. are widely discussed. The second part of
the handbook presents the neo- and post-analytic
group psychotherapies including Gestalt and
family approaches. At the same time, the
behavior group therapy or rational-emotive
therapy as well as psychodrama found their place
in the volume. The greatest strength of this
book is its extraordinary clarity in describing
how to actually work with groups. ) |
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Why rational emotive behavior therapy is the
most comprehensive and effective form of
behavior therapy. Ellis, Albert; Journal of
Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy,
Vol 22(2), Sum 2004. pp. 85-92. [Peer Reviewed
Journal] Abstract: I (Albert Ellis) started to
create Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
in 1953, after I stopped using psychoanalysis
and was doing two monographs summarizing the 200
or so existing psychotherapies. I stopped
calling myself a psychoanalyst because I found
that, instead of being more intensive than other
therapies, it intensively investigated
innumerable irrelevancies and failed to uncover
the real reasons why people were disturbed and
what they could effectively do to make
themselves less dysfunctional. It was especially
deficient in behavioral homework assignments
that I found essential for helping clients feel
better, get better, and stay better. It also
lacked emotional-experiential exercises, which I
started using when my clients were stuck with
whining about the "horrors" of their early
childhood and were resisting my efforts to help
them by my using role playing and other
dramatic-evocative methods. ( Record (c) 2004
APA, all rights reserved) |
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Irrational beliefs and basic assumptions in
bereaved university students: A comparison
study. Boelen, Paul A.; Kip, Hanneke J.;
Voorsluijs, Jeanine J.; Journal of
Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy,
Vol 22(2), Sum 2004. pp. 111-129. [Peer Reviewed
Journal] Abstract: Several authors have argued
that the loss of a loved one triggers changes in
people's beliefs and assumptions, and that these
changes play a role in emotional problems after
bereavement. The present study was an attempt to
investigate these hypotheses. 30 students who
had been confronted with the death of a parent
or sibling, on average nearly 3 years ago, were
compared with 30 nonbereaved matched control
subjects on different measures assessing basic
assumptions and irrational beliefs as denned in
REBT. In line with the notion that bereavement
has an impact on people's basic assumptions,
results showed that bereaved students had a less
positive view of the meaningfulness of the world
and the worthiness of the self than their
nonbereaved counterparts. Also, in accord with
the notion that the tendency to think
irrationally is likely to increase after a
stressful life event, the bereaved were found to
have higher levels of irrational thinking.
Furthermore, it was found that the degree to
which bereaved individuals endorsed general as
well as bereavement-specific irrational beliefs
was significantly associated with the intensity
of symptoms of traumatic grief. Conversely, none
of the basic assumptions was associated with
traumatic grief. ( Record (c) 2004 APA, all
rights reserved) |
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Overcoming Resistance: A Rational Emotive
Behaviour Therapy Integrated Approach (2nd
ed.). Paton, Irene; British Journal of Guidance
& Counselling, Vol 32(2), May 2004. pp. 255-256.
[Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract: Reviews the
book, "Overcoming Resistance: A Rational Emotive
Behaviour Therapy Integrated Approach (2nd
ed.)," by A. Ellis (see record 2003-04406-000).
The author has described himself as the father
of Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) and the
grandfather of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
(CBT). Whilst the formulations of REBTand CBTare
stressed, he considers this book to be more
wideranging than the first edition in that he
shows how these formulations 'can be added to
and integrated with other therapeutic
practices'. There appears to be a two-way
relationship between how REBT has integrated
other leading schools of therapy into the REBT
model and how REBT can be integrated with other
modes of therapy. The inclusion of ways other
practitioners have used and adapted the model
enriches this publication. The reviewer
appreciates the section on the use of humour and
his humorous songs. He recommends this book to
all practitioners who want to extend their
toolkit for use with resistant clients as it
offers new approaches both to our clients'
resistance and to ways in which the practitioner
might also contribute to this phenomena. (
Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Modificazioni psicopatologiche al trattamento
cognitivo-comportamentale in 33 soggetti con
Disturbo Ossessivo Compulsivo. =
Psychopathological modification after cognitive
behaviour treatment of obsessive-compulsive
patients. Savron, Gianni; Bartolucci, Giovanna;
Pitti, Paolo; Rivista di Psichiatria, Vol 39(3),
May-Jun 2004. pp. 171-183. [Peer Reviewed
Journal] Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study
was to assess the effects of cognitive
behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive
patients. Material and methods: Forty patients
with DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive disorder were
treated by exposure and response prevention.
Rational Emotive Therapy and thought stopping.
The patients were assessed before and after
treatment (16 sessions-every week) using self
rating scales (SQ, IAS, EIS, FQ, ASI, CCL, SSQ,
SE-oc, TPQ) and assessor rating scales (CID,
CPRS, subscale), by another clinical
psychologist who did not take part in the
treatment. Results: Seven patients dropped out
of treatment, in the remaining 33 patients there
was a significant decrease in most of the scales
including TPQ harm avoidance dimension, except
the SSQ, SQ hostility scale and FQ phobia scale.
In 10 of 22 patients that used pharmacotherapy
the drugs were gradually tapered and
discontinued; 27 of the 33 patients were judged
clinically improved. Eleven patients have been
treated only with a psychotherapy, and had the
same results. Conclusion: The results lend
support to the efficacy of CBT in the treatment
of OCD and confirm the relation between anxiety
and depression in OCD patients. The anxiety
sensitivity may play a role in OC
symptomatology. In spite of the insignificant
modification in the hostility, social situations
and global phobia dimension, the findings
highlight how CBT may also affect psychological
variables such as illness attitude, emotional
inhibition and somatic symptoms that are not
directly related to OC symptomattology. ) |
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Integrating Therapies. Moore, Robert H.; Dryden,
Windy; Frater, Alex;
In:
Beyond conversations on traumatic incident
reduction. Volkman, Victor R.; Ann Arbor, MI,
US: Loving Healing Press, 2004. pp. 155-179.
[Chapter] Abstract: "TIR and Rational Emotive
Behavioral Therapy (REBT): A Conversation with
Robert H. Moore, Ph.D" / Robert H. Moore /
Moore, who is well-versed in Rational Emotive
Behavioral Therapy (REBT) provides insights on
how lessons learned from TIR can influence an
REBT practice. "A Conversation with Windy
Dryden, Ph.D" / Windy Dryden / Dryden also
describes integration of REBT with TIR. "Using
TIR in a Psychotherapy Practice: A Conversation
with Alex Frater" / Alex Frater / Frater
describes the use of TIR, REBT, and Thought
Field Therapy in a psychotherapy practice. "TIR
and EFT: A Practitioner's Perspective A
Conversation with Marian Volkman" / Marian
Volkman / Volkman describes the use of TIR and
EFT (emotional freedom technique) in her private
practice. "TIR and EMDR: Notes from the Field" /
Victor R. Volkman / Describes similarities and
differences in TIR and EMDR. "Comparing TIR and
Other Techniques" / Frank A. Gerbode / Gerbode
compares TIR with other techniques, such as
EMDR, V/KD, DTE (direct therapeutic exposure),
and TFT. ) |
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A
Mormon rational emotive behavior therapist
attempts Qur'anic rational emotive behavior
therapy. Nielsen, Stevan Lars;
In:
Casebook for a spiritual strategy in counseling
and psychotherapy. Richards, P. Scott; Dept of
Counseling Psychology & Special Education;
Brigham Young U; Washington, DC, US: American
Psychological Association, 2004. pp. 213-230.
[Chapter] Abstract: This chapter describes using
the Qur'an with rational emotive behavior
therapy (REBT) to treat a 24-year-old Muslim
woman. The client described symptoms consistent
with posttraumatic stress disorder, including
fear during a rape, later flashbacks,
nightmares, and sudden physiological arousal, as
well as symptoms consistent with a major
depressive episode. Following 38 treatment
sessions using Qur'anic rational emotive
behavior therapy, the client reported that she
was doing well and was close to finishing her
doctorate in biochemistry at Brigham Young
University. The relevance of the
psychotherapist's theistic stance to the
client's outcome is discussed. ) |
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Rational emotive behavior therapy for
disturbance about sexual orientation. Johnson,
W. Brad;
In:
Casebook for a spiritual strategy in counseling
and psychotherapy. Richards, P. Scott; Dept of
Counseling Psychology & Special Education;
Brigham Young U; Washington, DC, US: American
Psychological Association, 2004. pp. 247-265.
[Chapter] Abstract: This chapter presents a case
study in which the therapist, who integrates his
Christian faith with his clinical psychology
practice, describes rational emotive behavior
therapy for a 17-year-old male student with
major depression and distress about his
primarily homosexual orientation. The author
states that the four months of treatment helped
the client understand how to apply rational
emotive behavior therapy himself, and how to be
kinder and gentler to himself as a Christian man
struggling with reconciliation of sexual
orientation and religious beliefs regarding
sexuality. The case highlights the ethical and
professional challenges inherent in treating a
religious client when the therapist does not
share salient elements of the client's
worldview, and in fact may see some aspects of
the client's religiousness as connected to his
or her disturbance. ) |
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Misconceptions and the cognitive
therapies. Raimy, Victor;
In:
Cognition and psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Freeman,
Arthur; Mahoney, Michael J.; DeVito, Paul;
Martin, Donna; New York, NY, US: Springer
Publishing Co, 2004. pp. 165-184. [Chapter]
Abstract: Cognitive therapists have suggested
many terms for the faulty beliefs or cognitions
that constitute the core targets of a cognitive
therapy. The author prefers the term
misconceptions but feels equally at home with
irrational beliefs or faulty assumptions. The
author discusses three major misconceptions or
clusters of misconceptions. They are
phrenophobia, or the belief that one is verging
on insanity; the Special Person misconception,
or the notion that one is a superior person with
special entitlements; and the incapability
misconception, or the false belief that one
lacks certain capabilities that most others
possess. Although faulty beliefs have played a
prominent role in psychotherapy, they have been
competing with the emotions for the role of
principal villain of the psychological
disorders. ) |
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Expanding the ABCs of rational emotive behavior
therapy. Ellis, Albert;
In:
Cognition and psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Freeman,
Arthur; Mahoney, Michael J.; DeVito, Paul;
Martin, Donna; New York, NY, US: Springer
Publishing Co, 2004. pp. 185-196. [Chapter]
Abstract: Demonstrates that A (Activating
events), B (Beliefs), and C (Cognitive, emotive,
and behavioral consequences) are interactive.
Thoughts significantly affect feelings and
behaviors, emotions significantly affect
thoughts and behaviors, and behaviors
significantly affect thoughts and feelings. In
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), we are
mainly concerned with people's emotional
disturbances--both their primary and secondary
disturbances. But the ABC theory also is a
personality theory that shows how people partly
create their own normal or healthy (positive and
negative) feelings and how they can change them
if they wish to and work at doing so. The author
hopes that the formulations in this chapter will
add to the ABC theory and make it more complex
and more useful. ) |
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Status
anxiety. Pridmore, Saxby; Ahmadi, Jamshid; Australian & New
Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 39(3), Mar 2005. pp. 205-206.
[Peer Reviewed Journal] Abstract: Reviews the book "Status
anxiety," by Alain de Botton (2004). The author sets out to
describe the origin of one form of human distress and makes some
suggestions about how things may be better managed. Much of the
thesis has been previously described by cognitive therapists
such as Albert Ellis, who used philosophy as the basis of their
contributions, albeit with less flair. Psychiatrists will also
hear echos of Freud and Erikson. De Botton explains that status
refers to one's position in society, and that high status means
being cared for and thought valuable. Status anxiety is defined
as a worry that we may not have achieved or be may be about to
lose high status. The contribution of art to the understanding
of status is examined. The Christian perspective of status is
explored. The secular counterpart is identified as the Bohemian
rejection of bourgeois respectability. Status anxiety should not
be considered a new 'condition'. It is not clear whether this
was the intention of the author. The book does not provide a new
therapy, but it does provide a host of information and examples
which can be grafted onto tired CBT or other psychotherapy.
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